Hi,
Given that Fushimi Inari is open 24/7 and never closes, it is possible to do your whole itinerary, although you might be a bit tired by the end of it. Kinkakuji you can be through in 30-45 minutes, tops. Nishiki market won't take long either, unless you really want to browse what each place is selling. Arashiyama is a big area and can take half to a full day, and Fushimi Inari and take a couple of hours to several hours if you want to romp over every trail.
You can use your JR Pass to get to both Arashiyama as well as Fushimi Inari - I suggest if you want to start very early in the morning, to go to Fushimi Inari either first or last. If early in the morning you can see the place in the early morning light, and there are very few tourists storming through the place at that hour. At night you are not pressed for time at all though, and the place is lit up after sunset. It's possible to go from Fushimi Inari to Arashiyama all on JR by way of Kyoto Station. It is also not too difficult to get from the north part of Arashiyama to Kinkakuji. While in that area, don't miss the Otagi Nenbutsuji which is one of the most humorous and whimsical places in Japan you will ever visit. You can then take a bus down to Nishiki Market, but please note that many of the stores are closed by 6PM.
Ultimately it is up to your travel pace and when you are going to Japan. Summertime has a lot later sunsets and more of a chance to see everything in the daylight. Nothing is worse though than being rushed through places to try and pack everything in. So if you're a worrywort or slow and leisurely, you might want to see the market first, then go to Kinkakuji, then Arashiyama and finally Fushimi Inari. It's all up to you.
